From c2f58d86443006eaefa8ed8176dbd9f2f4347001 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Beno=C3=AEt=20Vi=C3=A9?= <benoit.vie@meteo.fr>
Date: Tue, 24 May 2022 19:33:32 +0200
Subject: [PATCH] bugfix
---
src/MNH/ice4_fast_rs.f90 | 4 +-
src/MNH/ice4_slow.f90 | 2 +-
src/MNH/lima_cold_slow_processes.f90 | 2 +-
src/MNH/lima_conversion_melting_snow.f90 | 4 +-
src/MNH/lima_ice_snow_deposition.f90 | 233 -----------------------
src/MNH/lima_mixed_fast_processes.f90 | 4 +-
src/MNH/lima_sedimentation.f90 | 2 +-
src/MNH/lima_snow_deposition.f90 | 6 +-
8 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 245 deletions(-)
delete mode 100644 src/MNH/lima_ice_snow_deposition.f90
diff --git a/src/MNH/ice4_fast_rs.f90 b/src/MNH/ice4_fast_rs.f90
index 11dbd67f5..d44b1bcc7 100644
--- a/src/MNH/ice4_fast_rs.f90
+++ b/src/MNH/ice4_fast_rs.f90
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ ELSE
*(XESTT-PRS_TEND(:, IFREEZ1))/(XRV*PT(:)) )
PRS_TEND(:, IFREEZ1)=PRS_TEND(:, IFREEZ1)* PRST(:) * ( X0DEPS* PLBDAS(:)**XEX0DEPS + &
X1DEPS*PCJ(:)*PLBDAS(:) **(XBS+XEX1DEPS)* &
- (1+(XFVELOS/(2*PLBDAS(:)))**XALPHAS)**(-XNUS+XEX1DEPS/XALPHAS))/ &
+ (1+0.5*(XFVELOS/PLBDAS(:))**XALPHAS)**(-XNUS+XEX1DEPS/XALPHAS))/ &
( PRHODREF(:)*(XLMTT-XCL*(XTT-PT(:))) )
PRS_TEND(:, IFREEZ2)=(PRHODREF(:)*(XLMTT+(XCI-XCL)*(XTT-PT(:))) ) / &
( PRHODREF(:)*(XLMTT-XCL*(XTT-PT(:))) )
@@ -503,7 +503,7 @@ ELSE
PRSMLTG(:) = XFSCVMG*MAX( 0.0,( -PRSMLTG(:) * &
PRST(:)*PRHODREF(:) * &
( X0DEPS *PLBDAS(:)**XEX0DEPS + &
- X1DEPS*PCJ(:)*(1+(XFVELOS/(2*PLBDAS(:))**XALPHAS))**(XNUS+XEX1DEPS/XALPHAS)*((PLBDAS(:))**(XBS+XEX1DEPS))) - &
+ X1DEPS*PCJ(:)*(1+0.5*(XFVELOS/PLBDAS(:))**XALPHAS)**(XNUS+XEX1DEPS/XALPHAS)*PLBDAS(:)**(XBS+XEX1DEPS)) - &
( PRS_TEND(:, IRCRIMS) + PRS_TEND(:, IRRACCS)) * &
( PRHODREF(:)*XCL*(XTT-PT(:))) ) / &
( PRHODREF(:)*XLMTT ) )
diff --git a/src/MNH/ice4_slow.f90 b/src/MNH/ice4_slow.f90
index b9e202b14..b9325050f 100644
--- a/src/MNH/ice4_slow.f90
+++ b/src/MNH/ice4_slow.f90
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ ELSE
DO JL=1, KSIZE
IF (ZMASK(JL)==1.) THEN
PRVDEPS(JL) = ( PRST(JL)*PSSI(JL)/PAI(JL) ) * &
- ( X0DEPS*PLBDAS(JL)**XEX0DEPS + X1DEPS*PCJ(JL) * (1+(XFVELOS/(2*PLBDAS(JL)))**XALPHAS)**(-XNUS+XEX1DEPS) &
+ ( X0DEPS*PLBDAS(JL)**XEX0DEPS + X1DEPS*PCJ(JL) * (1+0.5*(XFVELOS/PLBDAS(JL))**XALPHAS)**(-XNUS+XEX1DEPS/XALPHAS) &
*(PLBDAS(JL))**(XBS+XEX1DEPS) )
END IF
END DO
diff --git a/src/MNH/lima_cold_slow_processes.f90 b/src/MNH/lima_cold_slow_processes.f90
index a74b94686..29c1aecbe 100644
--- a/src/MNH/lima_cold_slow_processes.f90
+++ b/src/MNH/lima_cold_slow_processes.f90
@@ -393,7 +393,7 @@ IF( IMICRO >= 1 ) THEN
WHERE ( (ZRST(:)>XRTMIN(5)) .AND. (ZRSS(:)>ZRTMIN(5)) )
ZZW(:) = ( ZRST(:)*ZSSI(:)/(ZAI(:)) ) * &
( X0DEPS*ZLBDAS(:)**XEX0DEPS + &
- (X1DEPS*ZCJ(:)*(1+(XFVELOS/(2.*ZLBDAS))**XALPHAS)**(-XNUS+XEX1DEPS/XALPHAS) * &
+ (X1DEPS*ZCJ(:)*(1+0.5*(XFVELOS/ZLBDAS(:))**XALPHAS)**(-XNUS+XEX1DEPS/XALPHAS) * &
(ZLBDAS(:))**(XEX1DEPS+XBS)))
ZZW(:) = MIN( ZRVS(:),ZZW(:) )*(0.5+SIGN(0.5,ZZW(:))) &
diff --git a/src/MNH/lima_conversion_melting_snow.f90 b/src/MNH/lima_conversion_melting_snow.f90
index 307db0255..d1aa60aa4 100644
--- a/src/MNH/lima_conversion_melting_snow.f90
+++ b/src/MNH/lima_conversion_melting_snow.f90
@@ -107,10 +107,10 @@ WHERE( (PRST(:)>XRTMIN(5)) .AND. (PT(:)>XTT) .AND. LDCOMPUTE(:) )
!
! compute RSMLT
!
- ZW(:) = XFSCVMG*MAX( 0.0,( -ZW(:) * PRHODREF(:) * PRST(:) * &
+ ZW(:) = XFSCVMG*MAX( 0.0,( -ZW(:) * PRST(:) * &
( X0DEPS*PLBDS(:)**XEX0DEPS + &
X1DEPS*PCJ(:)*PLBDS(:)**(XEX1DEPS+XBS)* &
- (1+(XFVELOS/(2.*PLBDS(:)))**XALPHAS)**(-XNUS+XEX1DEPS/XALPHAS)) ))
+ (1+0.5*(XFVELOS/PLBDS(:))**XALPHAS)**(-XNUS+XEX1DEPS/XALPHAS)) ))
! On ne tient pas compte de la collection de pluie et gouttelettes par la neige si T>0 !!!!
! Note that no heat is exchanged because the graupeln produced are still icy!!!
P_RS_CMEL(:) = - ZW(:)
diff --git a/src/MNH/lima_ice_snow_deposition.f90 b/src/MNH/lima_ice_snow_deposition.f90
deleted file mode 100644
index 4968a192d..000000000
--- a/src/MNH/lima_ice_snow_deposition.f90
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,233 +0,0 @@
-!MNH_LIC Copyright 2013-2018 CNRS, Meteo-France and Universite Paul Sabatier
-!MNH_LIC This is part of the Meso-NH software governed by the CeCILL-C licence
-!MNH_LIC version 1. See LICENSE, CeCILL-C_V1-en.txt and CeCILL-C_V1-fr.txt
-!MNH_LIC for details. version 1.
-! #####################
- MODULE MODI_LIMA_ICE_SNOW_DEPOSITION
-! #####################
-!
-INTERFACE
- SUBROUTINE LIMA_ICE_SNOW_DEPOSITION (PTSTEP, LDCOMPUTE, &
- PRHODREF, PSSI, PAI, PCJ, PLSFACT, &
- PRIT, PRST, PCIT, PLBDI, PLBDS, &
- P_RI_CNVI, P_CI_CNVI, &
- P_TH_DEPS, P_RS_DEPS, &
- P_RI_CNVS, P_CI_CNVS, &
- PA_TH, PA_RV, PA_RI, PA_CI, PA_RS )
-!
-REAL, INTENT(IN) :: PTSTEP
-LOGICAL, DIMENSION(:),INTENT(IN) :: LDCOMPUTE
-!
-REAL, DIMENSION(:), INTENT(IN) :: PRHODREF! Reference density
-REAL, DIMENSION(:), INTENT(IN) :: PSSI ! abs. pressure at time t
-REAL, DIMENSION(:), INTENT(IN) :: PAI ! abs. pressure at time t
-REAL, DIMENSION(:), INTENT(IN) :: PCJ ! abs. pressure at time t
-REAL, DIMENSION(:), INTENT(IN) :: PLSFACT ! abs. pressure at time t
-!
-REAL, DIMENSION(:), INTENT(IN) :: PRIT ! Cloud ice m.r. at t
-REAL, DIMENSION(:), INTENT(IN) :: PRST ! Snow/aggregate m.r. at t
-!
-REAL, DIMENSION(:), INTENT(IN) :: PCIT ! Ice crystal C. at t
-!
-REAL, DIMENSION(:), INTENT(IN) :: PLBDI ! Graupel m.r. at t
-REAL, DIMENSION(:), INTENT(IN) :: PLBDS ! Graupel m.r. at t
-!
-REAL, DIMENSION(:), INTENT(INOUT) :: P_RI_CNVI
-REAL, DIMENSION(:), INTENT(INOUT) :: P_CI_CNVI
-REAL, DIMENSION(:), INTENT(INOUT) :: P_TH_DEPS
-REAL, DIMENSION(:), INTENT(INOUT) :: P_RS_DEPS
-REAL, DIMENSION(:), INTENT(INOUT) :: P_RI_CNVS
-REAL, DIMENSION(:), INTENT(INOUT) :: P_CI_CNVS
-!
-REAL, DIMENSION(:), INTENT(INOUT) :: PA_TH
-REAL, DIMENSION(:), INTENT(INOUT) :: PA_RV
-REAL, DIMENSION(:), INTENT(INOUT) :: PA_RI
-REAL, DIMENSION(:), INTENT(INOUT) :: PA_CI
-REAL, DIMENSION(:), INTENT(INOUT) :: PA_RS
-!
-END SUBROUTINE LIMA_ICE_SNOW_DEPOSITION
-END INTERFACE
-END MODULE MODI_LIMA_ICE_SNOW_DEPOSITION
-!
-! ##########################################################################
-SUBROUTINE LIMA_ICE_SNOW_DEPOSITION (PTSTEP, LDCOMPUTE, &
- PRHODREF, PSSI, PAI, PCJ, PLSFACT, &
- PRIT, PRST, PCIT, PLBDI, PLBDS, &
- P_RI_CNVI, P_CI_CNVI, &
- P_TH_DEPS, P_RS_DEPS, &
- P_RI_CNVS, P_CI_CNVS, &
- PA_TH, PA_RV, PA_RI, PA_CI, PA_RS )
-! ##########################################################################
-!
-!! PURPOSE
-!! -------
-!! The purpose of this routine is to compute the microphysical sources
-!! for slow cold processes :
-!! - conversion of snow to ice
-!! - deposition of vapor on snow
-!! - conversion of ice to snow (Harrington 1995)
-!!
-!!
-!! AUTHOR
-!! ------
-!! J.-M. Cohard * Laboratoire d'Aerologie*
-!! J.-P. Pinty * Laboratoire d'Aerologie*
-!! S. Berthet * Laboratoire d'Aerologie*
-!! B. Vié * CNRM *
-!!
-!! MODIFICATIONS
-!! -------------
-!! Original 15/03/2018
-! J. Wurtz 03/2022: new snow characteristics
-!!
-!-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-!
-!* 0. DECLARATIONS
-! ------------
-!
-USE MODD_PARAM_LIMA, ONLY : XRTMIN, XCTMIN, XALPHAI, XALPHAS, XNUI, XNUS
-USE MODD_PARAM_LIMA_COLD, ONLY : XCXS, XNS, XBS, &
- XLBDAS_MAX, XDSCNVI_LIM, XLBDASCNVI_MAX, &
- XC0DEPSI, XC1DEPSI, XR0DEPSI, XR1DEPSI, &
- XSCFAC, X1DEPS, X0DEPS, XEX1DEPS, XEX0DEPS, &
- XDICNVS_LIM, XLBDAICNVS_LIM, &
- XC0DEPIS, XC1DEPIS, XR0DEPIS, XR1DEPIS, &
- XCOLEXIS, XAGGS_CLARGE1, XAGGS_CLARGE2, &
- XAGGS_RLARGE1, XAGGS_RLARGE2, XFVELOS
-
-!
-IMPLICIT NONE
-!
-!* 0.1 Declarations of dummy arguments :
-!
-REAL, INTENT(IN) :: PTSTEP
-LOGICAL, DIMENSION(:),INTENT(IN) :: LDCOMPUTE
-!
-REAL, DIMENSION(:), INTENT(IN) :: PRHODREF! Reference density
-REAL, DIMENSION(:), INTENT(IN) :: PSSI ! abs. pressure at time t
-REAL, DIMENSION(:), INTENT(IN) :: PAI ! abs. pressure at time t
-REAL, DIMENSION(:), INTENT(IN) :: PCJ ! abs. pressure at time t
-REAL, DIMENSION(:), INTENT(IN) :: PLSFACT ! abs. pressure at time t
-!
-REAL, DIMENSION(:), INTENT(IN) :: PRIT ! Cloud ice m.r. at t
-REAL, DIMENSION(:), INTENT(IN) :: PRST ! Snow/aggregate m.r. at t
-!
-REAL, DIMENSION(:), INTENT(IN) :: PCIT ! Ice crystal C. at t
-!
-REAL, DIMENSION(:), INTENT(IN) :: PLBDI ! Graupel m.r. at t
-REAL, DIMENSION(:), INTENT(IN) :: PLBDS ! Graupel m.r. at t
-!
-REAL, DIMENSION(:), INTENT(INOUT) :: P_RI_CNVI
-REAL, DIMENSION(:), INTENT(INOUT) :: P_CI_CNVI
-REAL, DIMENSION(:), INTENT(INOUT) :: P_TH_DEPS
-REAL, DIMENSION(:), INTENT(INOUT) :: P_RS_DEPS
-REAL, DIMENSION(:), INTENT(INOUT) :: P_RI_CNVS
-REAL, DIMENSION(:), INTENT(INOUT) :: P_CI_CNVS
-!
-REAL, DIMENSION(:), INTENT(INOUT) :: PA_TH
-REAL, DIMENSION(:), INTENT(INOUT) :: PA_RV
-REAL, DIMENSION(:), INTENT(INOUT) :: PA_RI
-REAL, DIMENSION(:), INTENT(INOUT) :: PA_CI
-REAL, DIMENSION(:), INTENT(INOUT) :: PA_RS
-!
-!* 0.2 Declarations of local variables :
-!
-LOGICAL, DIMENSION(SIZE(PRHODREF)) :: GMICRO ! Computations only where necessary
-REAL, DIMENSION(SIZE(PRHODREF)) :: ZZW, ZZW2, ZZX ! Work array
-!
-!
-!-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-!
-P_RI_CNVI(:) = 0.
-P_CI_CNVI(:) = 0.
-P_TH_DEPS(:) = 0.
-P_RS_DEPS(:) = 0.
-P_RI_CNVS(:) = 0.
-P_CI_CNVS(:) = 0.
-!
-! Physical limitations
-!
-!
-! Looking for regions where computations are necessary
-!
-GMICRO(:) = .FALSE.
-GMICRO(:) = LDCOMPUTE(:) .AND. &
- (PRIT(:)>XRTMIN(4) .OR. &
- PRST(:)>XRTMIN(5))
-!
-!
-WHERE( GMICRO )
-!
-!* 2.1 Conversion of snow to r_i: RSCNVI
-! ----------------------------------------
-!
-!
- ZZW2(:) = 0.0
- ZZW(:) = 0.0
- WHERE ( PLBDS(:)<XLBDASCNVI_MAX .AND. (PRST(:)>XRTMIN(5)) &
- .AND. (PSSI(:)<0.0) )
- ZZW(:) = (PLBDS(:)*XDSCNVI_LIM)**(XALPHAS)
- ZZX(:) = ( -PSSI(:)/PAI(:) ) * (XNS*PRST(:)*PLBDS(:)**XBS) * (ZZW(:)**XNUS) * EXP(-ZZW(:))
-!
- ZZW(:) = ( XR0DEPSI+XR1DEPSI*PCJ(:) )*ZZX(:)
-!
- ZZW2(:) = ZZW(:)*( XC0DEPSI+XC1DEPSI*PCJ(:) )/( XR0DEPSI+XR1DEPSI*PCJ(:) )
- END WHERE
-!
- P_RI_CNVI(:) = ZZW(:)
- P_CI_CNVI(:) = ZZW2(:)
-!
- PA_RI(:) = PA_RI(:) + P_RI_CNVI(:)
- PA_CI(:) = PA_CI(:) + P_CI_CNVI(:)
- PA_RS(:) = PA_RS(:) - P_RI_CNVI(:)
-!
-!
-!* 2.2 Deposition of water vapor on r_s: RVDEPS
-! -----------------------------------------------
-!
-!
- ZZW(:) = 0.0
- WHERE ( (PRST(:)>XRTMIN(5)) )
- ZZW(:) =( PRST(:)*PSSI(:)/PAI(:) ) * &
- ( X0DEPS*PLBDS(:)**XEX0DEPS + &
- ( X1DEPS*PCJ(:)*(PLBDS(:))**(XBS+XEX1DEPS) * &
- (1+(XFVELOS/(2.*PLBDS(:)))**XALPHAS)**(-XNUS+XEX1DEPS/XALPHAS)))
- ZZW(:) = ZZW(:)*(0.5+SIGN(0.5,ZZW(:))) - ABS(ZZW(:))*(0.5-SIGN(0.5,ZZW(:)))
- END WHERE
-!
- P_RS_DEPS(:) = ZZW(:)
- P_TH_DEPS(:) = P_RS_DEPS(:) * PLSFACT(:)
-!
- PA_TH(:) = PA_TH(:) + P_TH_DEPS(:)
- PA_RV(:) = PA_RV(:) - P_RS_DEPS(:)
- PA_RS(:) = PA_RS(:) + P_RS_DEPS(:)
-!
-!
-!* 2.3 Conversion of pristine ice to r_s: RICNVS
-! ------------------------------------------------
-!
-!
- ZZW(:) = 0.0
- ZZW2(:) = 0.0
- WHERE ( (PLBDI(:)<XLBDAICNVS_LIM) .AND. (PCIT(:)>XCTMIN(4)) &
- .AND. (PSSI(:)>0.0) )
- ZZW(:) = (PLBDI(:)*XDICNVS_LIM)**(XALPHAI)
- ZZX(:) = ( PSSI(:)/PAI(:) )*PCIT(:) * (ZZW(:)**XNUI) *EXP(-ZZW(:))
-!
- ZZW(:) = ( XR0DEPIS + XR1DEPIS*PCJ(:) )*ZZX(:)
-!
- ZZW2(:) = ZZW(:) * (XC0DEPIS+XC1DEPIS*PCJ(:)) / (XR0DEPIS+XR1DEPIS*PCJ(:))
- END WHERE
-!
-P_RI_CNVS(:) = - ZZW(:)
-P_CI_CNVS(:) = - ZZW2(:)
-!
-PA_RI(:) = PA_RI(:) + P_RI_CNVS(:)
-PA_CI(:) = PA_CI(:) + P_CI_CNVS(:)
-PA_RS(:) = PA_RS(:) - P_RI_CNVS(:)
-!
-!
-END WHERE
-!
-!
-END SUBROUTINE LIMA_ICE_SNOW_DEPOSITION
diff --git a/src/MNH/lima_mixed_fast_processes.f90 b/src/MNH/lima_mixed_fast_processes.f90
index 94b622ef3..056386015 100644
--- a/src/MNH/lima_mixed_fast_processes.f90
+++ b/src/MNH/lima_mixed_fast_processes.f90
@@ -923,8 +923,8 @@ WHERE( (PRST1D(:)>XRTMIN(5)) .AND. (PRSS1D(:)>XRTMIN(5)/PTSTEP) .AND. (PZT(:)>XT
! compute RSMLT
!
ZZW(:) = MIN( PRSS1D(:), XFSCVMG*MAX( 0.0,( -ZZW(:) * &
- PRHODREF(:) * PRST1D(:)*( X0DEPS* PLBDAS(:)**XEX0DEPS + &
- X1DEPS*PCJ(:)*(1+(XFVELOS/(2.*PLBDAS(:)))**XALPHAS) &
+ PRST1D(:)*( X0DEPS* PLBDAS(:)**XEX0DEPS + &
+ X1DEPS*PCJ(:)*(1+0.5*(XFVELOS/PLBDAS(:))**XALPHAS) &
**(-XNUS+XEX1DEPS/XALPHAS)*(PLBDAS(:))**(XEX1DEPS+XBS))- &
( ZZW1(:,1)+ZZW1(:,4) ) * &
( PRHODREF(:)*XCL*(XTT-PZT(:))) ) / &
diff --git a/src/MNH/lima_sedimentation.f90 b/src/MNH/lima_sedimentation.f90
index 8d48b776d..cd90504a1 100644
--- a/src/MNH/lima_sedimentation.f90
+++ b/src/MNH/lima_sedimentation.f90
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ DO JN = 1 , NSPLITSED(KID)
END WHERE
ZLBDA(:) = ZLBDA(:)*XTRANS_MP_GAMMAS
ZZW(:) = XFSEDR(KID) * ZRHODREF(:)**(1.-XCEXVT)*ZRS(:)* &
- (1 + (XFVELOS/ZLBDA(:))**XALPHAS)**(-XNUS+XEXSEDS/XALPHAS) * ZLBDA(:)**(XBS+XEXSEDS)
+ (1 + (XFVELOS/ZLBDA(:))**XALPHAS)**(-XNUS-(XD(KID)+XBS)/XALPHAS) * ZLBDA(:)**(-XD(KID))
ELSE
IF (KMOMENTS==1) ZLBDA(:) = XLB(KID) * ( ZRHODREF(:) * ZRS(:) )**XLBEX(KID)
IF (KMOMENTS==2) ZLBDA(:) = ( XLB(KID)*ZCS(:) / ZRS(:) )**XLBEX(KID)
diff --git a/src/MNH/lima_snow_deposition.f90 b/src/MNH/lima_snow_deposition.f90
index fd28d8c6d..5a6ec35ca 100644
--- a/src/MNH/lima_snow_deposition.f90
+++ b/src/MNH/lima_snow_deposition.f90
@@ -125,10 +125,10 @@ IF (NMOM_I.EQ.1) THEN
!
ZZW(:) = 0.0
WHERE ( (PRST(:)>XRTMIN(5)) )
- ZZW(:) = PRHODREF(:) * PRST(:) * PSSI(:) / PAI(:) * &
+ ZZW(:) = PRST(:) * PSSI(:) / PAI(:) * &
( X0DEPS*PLBDS(:)**XEX0DEPS + &
X1DEPS*PLBDS(:)**(XEX1DEPS+XBS)*PCJ(:) * &
- (1+(XFVELOS/(2.*PLBDS))**XALPHAS)**(-XNUS+XEX1DEPS/XALPHAS) )
+ (1+0.5*(XFVELOS/PLBDS(:))**XALPHAS)**(-XNUS+XEX1DEPS/XALPHAS) )
ZZW(:) = ZZW(:)*(0.5+SIGN(0.5,ZZW(:))) - ABS(ZZW(:))*(0.5-SIGN(0.5,ZZW(:)))
END WHERE
P_RS_DEPS(:) = ZZW(:)
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ ELSE
ZZW(:) = ( PRST(:)*PSSI(:)/(PAI(:)) ) * &
( X0DEPS*PLBDS(:)**XEX0DEPS + &
( X1DEPS*PCJ(:)*(PLBDS(:))**(XBS+XEX1DEPS) * &
- (1+(XFVELOS/(2.*PLBDS))**XALPHAS)**(-XNUS+XEX1DEPS/XALPHAS)) )
+ (1+0.5*(XFVELOS/PLBDS(:))**XALPHAS)**(-XNUS+XEX1DEPS/XALPHAS)) )
ZZW(:) = ZZW(:)*(0.5+SIGN(0.5,ZZW(:))) - ABS(ZZW(:))*(0.5-SIGN(0.5,ZZW(:)))
END WHERE
!
--
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